TISSUE CULTURE

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TISSUE CULTURE

Tissue culture is a broad term that refers to the growth of tissues or cells in an artificial environment, separate from the parent organism. This technique is also known as **in vitro cultivation**, meaning "in glass" (referring to the laboratory vessels used). While it can apply to both animal and plant cells, the specific term "plant tissue culture" is often used for plants due to their unique properties and applications.


TISSUE CULTURE


Here's a breakdown of key aspects of tissue culture:

Core Principle :

The fundamental idea behind tissue culture is to provide cells, tissues, or organs with a controlled, sterile environment and a nutrient-rich medium that allows them to survive, grow, and often proliferate outside of their natural setting.

General Process :

  1. Explant preparation : A small piece of tissue (explant) is taken from the parent organism. This step is crucial for both plant and animal tissue culture.
  2. Sterilization : The explant is thoroughly sterilized to eliminate any microorganisms (bacteria, fungi) that could contaminate the culture. This is often done using chemical solutions like alcohol or hypochlorite.
  3. Culture medium : The sterilized explant is placed in a specially formulated nutrient medium. This medium provides essential nutrients, energy sources, vitamins, and often plant hormones (for plant tissue culture) or growth factors (for animal tissue culture) necessary for cell growth and differentiation.
  4. Incubation : The cultures are incubated under controlled conditions of temperature, light (for plants), and humidity.
  5. Subculturing/Proliferation : As the cells or tissues grow, they may be subcultured (transferred to fresh medium) to allow for continued proliferation and multiplication.
  6. Differentiation/Regeneration : Depending on the type of culture and the goals, the cells can be induced to differentiate into specific cell types, tissues, or even regenerate into whole organisms.
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Types of Tissue Culture (common categories) :

Plant Tissue Culture :

  • Micropropagation : The most common application, it involves producing a large number of genetically identical plants (clones) from a small piece of tissue. This is highly efficient for propagating desirable traits, rare/endangered species, or disease-free plants.
  • Callus Culture : An undifferentiated mass of cells formed when explants are grown on a suitable medium. Callus can then be induced to differentiate into shoots and roots.
  • Organ Culture : Involves culturing specific plant organs like shoots, roots, or leaves.
  • Protoplast Culture : Culturing plant cells from which the cell wall has been removed.
  • Embryo Culture : Growing isolated embryos, often used for embryo rescue in wide crosses or to overcome seed dormancy.
  • Anther/Pollen Culture : Used to produce haploid plants, which are valuable for breeding.

Animal Tissue Culture :

  1. Primary Cell Culture : Cells isolated directly from a donor organism. These cells have a finite lifespan in culture.
  2. Cell Lines : Immortalized cells that can proliferate indefinitely in vitro.
  3. Organ Culture : Culturing whole or partial organs from embryos or adults.
  4. 3D Culture : Growing cells within scaffolds or gels to mimic the more naturalistic three-dimensional environment of tissues, providing a better model for in vivo conditions.


TISSUE CULTURE


Culture Dish,Treated
OD (mm) H (mm) Pcs / Innner Pack Pcs / Case
40 13 10 300
59 15 10 300
94 21 10 300
149 21 5 60


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Multi Weel Plate, For Suspension Culture, Non-Treated without Cover
No Of Wells Well Bottom Pcs / Innner Pack Pcs / Case
6 Flat 1 50
24 Flat 1 50
48 Flat 1 50
96 Round 1 50


TISSUE CULTURE


Tissue Culture Flask, Vented Cap, TC Treated
Surface Area (cm2) Volume (mL) Pcs / Innner Pack Pcs / Case
25 70 10 300
25 60 10 300
75 270 5 100
150 600 5 40
225 900 5 25


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Microcentrifuge Tube, Conical Bottom with Printed Graduation, Rim Sealed Cap
Volume (mL) Bottom Pcs / Innner Pack Pcs / Case
1.5 Conical 50 500
2 Conical 50 500
0.5 Self-stand 50 500
1.5 Self-stand 50 500
2 Self-stand 50 500


TISSUE CULTURE


Serological Pipette, Bulk Packed
Volume (mL) Color Code Pcs / Innner Pack Pcs / Case
1 Yellow 1 x 50 500
2 Green 1 x 50 500
5 Blue 1 x 50 200
10 Orange 1 x 50 200
25 Red 1 x 25 200


Applications and Importance :

  • Plant Propagation : Mass production of identical plants, disease-free planting material (e.g., in bananas, potatoes), conservation of endangered species.
  • Genetic Engineering : Facilitates the introduction of new genes into plants (e.g., via Agrobacterium tumefaciens or gene gun) and subsequent regeneration of genetically modified plants.
  • Disease Studies : Provides in vitro models to study disease mechanisms, test drug efficacy, and understand cellular responses to various stimuli in both plants and animals.
  • Vaccine Production : Animal cell cultures are widely used for cultivating viruses for vaccine production (e.g., polio, influenza).
  • Biopharmaceutical Production : Production of enzymes, hormones, and other valuable compounds (e.g., secondary metabolites from plant cell cultures, monoclonal antibodies from animal cell cultures).
  • Regenerative Medicine : Stem cell culture is crucial for developing tissues and organs for transplantation and regenerative therapies.
  • Toxicology and Drug Discovery : Screening for toxic effects of substances or testing potential drug candidates on cells.
  • Basic Research : Studying cell biology, genetics, metabolism, aging, and the interaction of cells and tissues in a controlled environment.


Challenges :

  • Aseptic Conditions : Maintaining sterility is paramount, as contamination can ruin cultures.
  • Cost and Labor : Tissue culture can be labor-intensive and requires specialized equipment and trained personnel.
  • Acclimation : Plants grown in tissue culture need careful acclimation to the external environment before being transferred to soil.
  • Somaclonal Variation : In plant tissue culture, sometimes variations (mutations) can arise in the regenerated plants, which may or may not be desirable.


In summary, tissue culture is a powerful and versatile biotechnological tool with wide-ranging applications in agriculture, medicine, and fundamental biological research, allowing for precise control and manipulation of living cells and tissues outside of their natural environment.


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TISSUE CULTURE


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